Mud houses, an architectural marvel in the insect world, are structures built from mud and other natural materials.
These homes serve as protective nests, breeding grounds, and food storage sites for various insect species.
In this article, we’ll explore five fascinating insects known for constructing mud houses.
1. Mud Daubers: Most Well Known Insects That Build Mud Houses
Mud daubers, a type of solitary wasp, are renowned for their unique mud nests.
These insects gather mud and sculpt it into various forms, from elaborate tube-like structures to simple plasters over cracks and crevices in wood, stone, or masonry.
Unlike social wasps like yellow jackets or hornets, mud daubers live alone and do not defend their nests aggressively.
They build a range of nests, including multiple tubes or small vase-like nests attached to plant stems.
Black and Yellow Mud Dauber
2. Termites
Termites are renowned for their large, complex mud houses, especially in tropical regions.
With about 2,000 species globally, these insects demonstrate extraordinary teamwork in their colony’s caste system.
These insects are known for their large, complex mud houses, especially in tropical countries.
A termite colony is divided into three castes: reproducers, soldiers, and workers.
Workers, the most active group, are responsible for maintaining and expanding the nest, which can reach up to twenty-six feet tall in some species.
Subterranean Termites
3. Potter and Mason Wasps: Nest Builders
Potter and mason wasps, similar to mud daubers, use mud to build their nests. These insects gather mud from moist areas to construct homes for their young.
Their nests can often be found attached to various surfaces and resemble small clay pots or tubular structures.
Potter Wasp Nest
4. Antlions: Hunting Strategy
Antlions, also known as doodlebugs, are unique in their use of mud. They create cone-shaped sand traps to capture prey.
By burying themselves and using their heads and jaws, antlions transpose sand to the surface, forming these traps which can grow up to 8 inches high.
Antlion Larva
5. Cicada Killer Wasps: Nesting Habits
Female cicada killer wasps dig tunnels in bare, sandy soil to create their nests.
These nests are often accompanied by mounds and can be found in groups near garages, patios, and other dry, sandy areas.
6. Ants: Underground Nests
Certain ant species, such as fire ants, army ants, citronella ants, and leafcutter ants, construct mud tunnels.
These tunnels serve various purposes, including protection from predators, maintaining suitable temperatures, and building nests and colonies
Harvester Ant Colony
7. Crayfish: Mud Covered Mounds
Crayfish, found near rivers, lakes, and streams, construct their homes by digging burrows into mud banks.
They create mud-covered mounds known as chimneys, providing shelter from predators and a place for laying eggs.
These mounds, often seen in wetlands and swamps, are essential for creating a safe and stable living environment for crayfish
Conclusion
Insects building mud houses display a fascinating aspect of nature’s creativity and ingenuity.
From the solitary mud dauber to the community-driven termites, each species has a unique approach to using natural resources for shelter and survival.
Understanding these insects helps us appreciate the complexity and diversity of the natural world.
Reader Emails
Over the years, our website, whatsthatbug.com has received hundreds of letters and some interesting images asking us about insects that build mud houses. Scroll down to have a look at some of them.
Letter 1 – Mud Ball Mystery
mudballs
Location: N. California, Sutter County, Sutter Buttes, valley oak woodland
March 5, 2012 2:27 pm
What is the story behind this photo? Taken Feb 2012 in a small valley in the Sutter Buttes, Sutter County, Northern California. I was thinking solitary bee or trapdoor spider?
Signature: JD
Mud Ball Mystery
Dear JD,
While we are not certain what created this Mud Ball Mystery, we are relatively confident it is neither a Trapdoor Spider nor a Solitary Bee. Could you tell us a bit more about the terrain? Was this an area that floods in the spring? It reminds us a bit of a Crayfish burrow.
Some Comments I cannot imagine that this is a crayfish burrow. As I remember both of the burrows we saw are in a veg area classified as California Prairie or Blue Oak in rather stony (about 30% up to fist sized cobble sub angular to angular) areas that I do not think flood in the spring. Would you agree with me Michael and Zack? Thanks for following up on this Jim. Leslie
Definately not crayfish, I saw two more at about 1000 feet elevation the other day.
Zack
Hi Daniel,
I concur with comments below (Ed. Note: comments above) that this is far too dry environment for a crayfish. I will be in the field soon to get more photos with a ruler for scale, some capture tools.
What additional information is needed and how do I go about obtaining it – e.g. pour water into the hole to encourage the critter up to show itself? I would rather not be too destructive in the investigation, so I am a bit reluctant to excavate the hole unless you think the animal will be OK to dig another.
Jim Dempsey
Environmental Scientist
California Department of Parks and Recreation, Northern Buttes District
Hi Jim,
We didn’t really think it was a crayfish, but that was a thought. We do not believe it is a Bee or a Spider.
In this article, we uncover the fascinating world of hairy and fuzzy moths, a diverse group of insects that are often overlooked yet play crucial roles in our gardens and natural ecosystems.
These moths, with their unique and sometimes striking appearances, range from the delicately patterned Luna Moth to the robust and colorful Rosy Maple Moth.
We will explore their physical characteristics, behaviors, and the roles they play in the environment. From their intriguing life cycles to their interactions with plants and other species, these moths offer a glimpse into the complexity and beauty of nature.
Most Common Hairy and Fuzzy Moths: Saturniidae (Giant Silkworm Moths)
Polyphemus Moth (Antheraea polyphemus)
The Polyphemus moth is a North American member of the family Saturniidae. It’s named after the giant Polyphemus in Greek mythology due to its large, conspicuous eyespots.
These moths have a wingspan of 4 to 6 inches and are characterized by their brownish-tan color, with eye-like patterns on each wing.
The eyespots are a defense mechanism intended to scare off predators. They are nocturnal and don’t have functioning mouthparts, so they don’t eat during their adult lives.
Male Polyphemus Moth
Imperial Moth (Eacles imperialis)
The Imperial Moth is a large, striking moth with a wingspan ranging from 3 to 7 inches. It exhibits sexual dimorphism: females are larger and yellow with brown or purple markings, while males are smaller with more vibrant yellow and less brown.
These moths are found in forests and rural areas. The larvae feed on a variety of host plants, making them quite adaptable. As adults, they do not feed and are primarily nocturnal.
Luna Moth (Actias luna)
The Luna Moth, known for its pale green wings and long, trailing hindwing tails, is a symbol of beauty in the moth world.
With a wingspan of up to 4.5 inches, these moths have eyespots on their wings to deter predators.
They are found in North American forests and are nocturnal. Remarkably, adult Luna Moths don’t have mouths and don’t eat; they live only about a week, with their sole purpose being to mate.
Promethea Silkmoth (Callosamia promethea)
The Promethea Silkmoth, part of the Saturniidae family, is known for its considerable size, with a wingspan of 3 to 4 inches.
Males are dark brown or black with vibrant, reddish-brown edges, while females are larger and lighter, with more muted tones.
These moths are unique for their day-flying tendencies, unlike most other large moths. They are commonly found in deciduous forests where their larvae feed on a variety of tree species.
Cecropia Moth (Hyalophora cecropia)
The Cecropia Moth is the largest native moth in North America, boasting a wingspan of 5 to 7 inches.
They have striking red and white stripes on their body, with eye-catching eyespots on their wings.
These moths are nocturnal and don’t eat as adults. Their caterpillars are equally impressive, known for their size and bright coloration.
The Cecropia Moth is a solitary species, often found in large, open woods or forest edges.
Cecropia Moth
Io Moth (Automeris io)
The Io Moth is notable for its dramatic eyespots on the hindwings, used to startle predators. These moths have a wingspan of 2.5 to 3.5 inches.
Males are yellow with a single eyespot on each hindwing, while females are brown with more pronounced eyespots.
They are found in various habitats, including forests, fields, and gardens.
The larvae are covered in venomous spines that can cause painful reactions in humans, making them one of the few moths with a direct defense against predators.
Rosy Maple Moth (Dryocampa rubicunda)
The Rosy Maple Moth, belonging to the Saturniidae family, is known for its striking pink and yellow coloration. It has a small wingspan of about 1.25 to 2 inches. The upper wings are yellow with pink edges, while the lower wings are mostly pink.
This moth is found in various parts of North America, particularly in areas with maple trees, as the larvae feed primarily on maple leaves. They are nocturnal but are often seen resting on tree trunks during the day.
The Rosy Maple Moth’s vibrant colors make it one of the more visually distinctive and easily recognizable moths.
Pink-Striped Oakworm Moth (Anisota virginiensis)
The Pink-Striped Oakworm Moth is a member of the Saturniidae family. It has a wingspan of about 2 to 2.5 inches. The males are smaller and brown with a pink stripe running down each wing, while the females are larger and have a more muted coloration.
These moths are commonly found in deciduous forests in Eastern North America. Their larvae, known as oakworms, feed on the leaves of various oak species.
The Pink-Striped Oakworm Moth is known for its mass emergence in certain years, which can lead to noticeable defoliation of affected oak trees.
Orange-tipped Oakworm Moth (Anisota senatoria)
The Orange-tipped Oakworm Moth, also part of the Saturniidae family, is notable for its distinct sexual dimorphism. The males are smaller with a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches and are dark brown with orange tips on their wings.
Females are larger, with a wingspan of up to 2.5 inches, and are yellowish-brown without the orange tips. These moths are found throughout the eastern United States, particularly in wooded areas where oak trees are abundant.
The larvae feed on oak leaves and are known for their gregarious behavior during the early stages of development.
The Orange-tipped Oakworm Moth is a common sight in late summer and early fall, often attracted to lights at night.
Erebidae
Fall Webworm Moth (Hyphantria cunea)
The Fall Webworm Moth, a member of the Erebidae family, is known for the conspicuous web-like structures its larvae create on trees. The adult moth has a wingspan of about 1 to 1.5 inches and is predominantly white with small black spots.
They are widespread and found in various habitats, including forests, orchards, and gardens. The larvae are social and feed on a wide range of deciduous trees, often causing noticeable defoliation.
The Eastern Tent Caterpillar Moth, also in the Erebidae family, is notable for the tent-like structures its larvae build in the branches of trees. The adult moth has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches, with brown or reddish-brown forewings and a white stripe running down the back.
They are commonly found in deciduous forests and nearby areas. The caterpillars are a familiar sight in spring and can defoliate trees if present in large numbers.
The Forest Tent Caterpillar Moth is similar to the Eastern Tent Caterpillar but does not actually build tents. The adult moths have a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches, with blue-gray to brownish forewings marked with a row of keyhole-shaped white spots.
They are found in forests and wooded areas. The larvae feed on a variety of deciduous trees and are known for their habit of forming “processions” when moving from one location to another.
Southern Flannel Moth (Megalopyge opercularis)
The Southern Flannel Moth, part of the Erebidae family, is small but notable for its striking appearance. The adult moth has a wingspan of about 1 inch and is covered in long, orange-yellow hairs, giving it a furry appearance.
They are found in wooded areas and gardens. The larvae, known as puss caterpillars, are also hairy and are one of the most venomous caterpillars in North America, with stings causing severe pain.
Dot-lined White (Artace cribrarius)
The Dot-lined White Moth, another Erebidae member, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The moths are white with small black dots and lines across the wings, giving them a dotted appearance.
They are commonly found in forests and woodlands. The larvae feed on a variety of deciduous trees and shrubs.
Black-waved Flannel Moth (Megalopyge crispata)
The Black-waved Flannel Moth, also in the Erebidae family, is known for its distinctive wing pattern. The adult moth has a wingspan of about 1 to 1.5 inches and is creamy white with wavy black lines across the wings.
They are found in forests and wooded areas. The larvae, like those of the Southern Flannel Moth, are hairy and can cause painful stings if touched.
Flannel Moth: Megalopyge albicollis we believe
Crowned Slug Moth (Isa textula)
The Crowned Slug Moth, belonging to the Erebidae family, has a wingspan of about 1 to 1.5 inches. The adult moths are gray or brown with a subtle crown-like pattern on the wings.
They are found in deciduous forests and woodlands. The larvae are unique in appearance, resembling slugs, and feed on the leaves of various trees.
Spanish Moth (Xanthopastis timais)
The Spanish Moth, another member of the Erebidae family, is striking with a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The moths are black with bright red and yellow markings, making them quite distinctive.
They are found in a variety of habitats, including gardens and fields. The larvae feed on a range of plants, including ornamental flowers and vegetables.
Brown-tail Moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea)
The Brown-tail Moth, part of the Erebidae family, is known for its tuft of brown hairs at the end of its abdomen. The adult moth has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches and is white with a brown tail. They are found in coastal areas and open habitats.
The larvae are covered in tiny hairs that can cause skin irritation and respiratory problems in humans. They feed on a variety of deciduous trees and shrubs.
Western Tent Caterpillar Moth (Malacosoma californicum)
The Western Tent Caterpillar Moth, a member of the Erebidae family, is closely related to the Eastern Tent Caterpillar Moth. It has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The adult moths are brown or reddish-brown with a band of blue spots and a white stripe down the back.
They are found in various habitats, including forests and orchards, across western North America. The larvae are known for constructing large, communal silk tents in the branches of host trees, primarily in the spring.
Spiny Oak-slug Moth (Euclea delphinii)
The Spiny Oak-slug Moth, also in the Erebidae family, is notable for its brightly colored larvae. The adult moth has a wingspan of about 1 to 1.5 inches and is typically yellow or green with pink and yellow markings.
They are found in deciduous forests and woodlands. The larvae, known as oak slugs, are covered in stinging spines and feed on a variety of broadleaf trees and shrubs.
Spiny Oak Slug Moth
Smaller Parasa Moth (Parasa chloris)
The Smaller Parasa Moth, part of the Erebidae family, is a small moth with a wingspan of about 1 inch. The adults are green with a subtle pink or yellow hue and a small eyespot on each wing.
They are found in wooded areas and gardens. The larvae are bright green with a red stripe and blue spots, feeding on a variety of plants, including shrubs and trees.
Echo Moth (Seirarctia echo)
The Echo Moth, another Erebidae member, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The moths are typically brown or gray with intricate patterns on their wings, providing camouflage against tree bark.
They are found in forests and wooded areas. The larvae feed on a variety of plants and are known for their striking appearance, with bright colors and tufts of hair.
White Flannel Moth (Norape ovina)
The White Flannel Moth, belonging to the Erebidae family, is known for its fluffy, white appearance. The adult moth has a wingspan of about 1 to 1.5 inches and is covered in white, wool-like hairs.
They are found in forests and wooded areas. The larvae, also covered in white hairs, can cause a painful sting if touched and feed on a variety of trees and shrubs.
Giant Leopard Moth (Hypercompe scribonia)
The Giant Leopard Moth, a member of the Erebidae family, is striking with a wingspan of about 2 to 3 inches. The adults are white with black spots, resembling a leopard’s coat. They are found in a variety of habitats, including forests, meadows, and gardens.
The larvae are known as woolly bears and are black with red or orange bands. They feed on a variety of plants and are often seen crossing roads or paths.
White-marked Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma)
The White-marked Tussock Moth, also in the Erebidae family, has a wingspan of about 1 to 1.5 inches. The adult males are gray or brown with distinctive white markings, while the females are flightless and grayish-white.
They are found in forests and wooded areas. The larvae are very distinctive with tufts of hair and can cause skin irritation if touched. They feed on a variety of trees and shrubs.
Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar)
The Gypsy Moth, a notorious member of the Erebidae family, is an invasive species known for its destructive larvae. The adult male moth has a wingspan of about 1.5 inches and is brown with dark markings, while the female is larger, white, and often flightless.
They are found in a variety of habitats, including forests and urban areas. The caterpillars are hairy and can defoliate large areas of forest.
The Saddleback Caterpillar Moth, part of the Erebidae family, is small with a wingspan of about 1 inch. The adult moths are brown or gray with subtle markings.
They are found in forests, gardens, and meadows. The larvae are more notable, with a green “saddle” on their back and stinging spines. They feed on a variety of plants and can cause a painful sting if touched.
Hickory Tussock Moth (Lophocampa caryae)
The Hickory Tussock Moth, another Erebidae member, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The adult moths are white with black markings and a bit of yellow or brown. They are found in deciduous forests and woodlands.
The larvae are white with black tufts of hair and are known to feed on hickory, walnut, and other trees. Like some other tussock moth caterpillars, they can cause skin irritation if touched.
Banded Tussock Moth (Halysidota tessellaris)
The Banded Tussock Moth, belonging to the Erebidae family, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The adult moths are characterized by their yellowish-brown color with bands of darker brown or gray across the wings.
They are commonly found in a variety of habitats, including forests, meadows, and gardens. The caterpillars are distinctive, with long tufts of hair and bands of black and yellow, and they feed on a wide range of deciduous trees and shrubs.
Milkweed Tussock Moth (Euchaetes egle)
The Milkweed Tussock Moth, also a member of the Erebidae family, has a wingspan of about 1 to 1.5 inches. The adults are gray or brown with a subtle pattern on their wings.
They are named for their larvae’s primary food source, milkweed, making them common in meadows and fields where milkweed grows. The caterpillars are striking, with tufts of black, white, and orange hairs, and they play a role in the ecosystem by feeding on milkweed, a plant toxic to many other species.
Yellow Woolly Bear (Spilosoma virginica)
The Yellow Woolly Bear, part of the Erebidae family, is known for its larval form. The adult moth has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches and is white with small black dots. They are found in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and gardens.
The caterpillars, known as woolly bears, are yellow or orange with long, soft hairs and feed on a variety of plants, including dandelions and other weeds.
The Buff Ermine, another Erebidae family member, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The moths are typically white or creamy yellow with small black dots and a few larger black spots.
They are common in a variety of habitats, including gardens, meadows, and woodlands. The caterpillars are hairy and feed on a variety of plants, including nettles and docks.
White Ermine (Spilosoma lubricipeda)
The White Ermine Moth, closely related to the Buff Ermine, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The adults are white with numerous black dots scattered across their wings.
They are found in a range of habitats, including gardens, hedgerows, and grasslands. The caterpillars are hairy and feed on a wide range of plants, including nettles, docks, and dandelions.
Pale Tussock (Calliteara pudibunda)
The Pale Tussock Moth, part of the Erebidae family, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The adult moths are gray or brown with a distinctive fluffy appearance.
They are commonly found in woodlands and gardens. The caterpillars are notable for their bright yellow or green color with tufts of hair and a red tail. They feed on a variety of deciduous trees and shrubs.
Vapourer Moth (Orgyia antiqua)
The Vapourer Moth, another Erebidae member, has a wingspan of about 1 to 1.5 inches. The males are brown with distinctive feathered antennae and a white stripe across the wings, while the females are flightless and grayish-brown.
They are found in a variety of habitats, including gardens, parks, and woodlands. The caterpillars are hairy with tufts of red and yellow hair and feed on a wide range of trees and shrubs.
Yellow-tail (Euproctis similis)
The Yellow-tail, belonging to the Erebidae family, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The adult moths are white with a yellow or orange tuft at the end of their abdomen, giving them their name.
They are commonly found in woodlands and gardens. The caterpillars are hairy and black with a row of red spots down the back and feed on a variety of deciduous trees and shrubs.
The white-speck moth, classified under the Noctuidae family, is known for its subtle yet distinctive appearance. It has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The forewings are typically a pale brown or gray color with a small, white dot (from which it gets its name) near the center.
This species is widespread and adaptable, found in various habitats including grasslands, agricultural areas, and gardens. The larvae, known as armyworms, can be agricultural pests, feeding on a wide range of crops and grasses.
The White-speck Moth is nocturnal and is commonly attracted to lights at night.
Arcigera Flower Moth (Schinia arcigera)
The Arcigera Flower Moth, also part of the Noctuidae family, is notable for its affinity to certain flowers, which its larvae feed on. This moth has a wingspan of approximately 1 to 1.5 inches.
The coloration of its wings is typically a blend of brown, tan, and orange hues, allowing it to camouflage effectively with its surroundings. It’s often found in meadows, fields, and prairies where its host plants grow.
The Arcigera Flower Moth is a nocturnal species, but it can also be seen at dusk, feeding on nectar.
Marsh Dagger (Acronicta insularis)
The Marsh Dagger, belonging to the Noctuidae family, is a species with a relatively understated appearance. It has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The forewings are usually gray or brown with various darker markings and lines, while the hindwings are paler.
This moth is typically found in marshy or wetland areas, hence its name. The larvae are known to feed on a variety of herbaceous plants and are sometimes found in gardens. The Marsh Dagger is primarily nocturnal and is often attracted to artificial lights.
The Dot Moth, another member of the Noctuidae family, is recognized for its distinctive dotted pattern. It has a wingspan of around 1.5 to 2 inches. The forewings are generally dark brown or gray with a series of small white dots and intricate patterns, giving it a speckled appearance.
This moth is common in a variety of habitats, including gardens, woodlands, and grasslands across Europe. The larvae feed on a range of plants, including nettles and dock, making them quite versatile.
The Dot Moth is nocturnal and is frequently seen at light sources during the night.
Lasiocampidae
Large Tolype Moth (Tolype velleda)
The Large Tolype Moth, a member of the Lasiocampidae family, is known for its furry appearance. It has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2.5 inches. The moths are generally gray or brown with a woolly texture, and the females are typically larger than the males.
They are found in wooded areas, particularly near deciduous trees, which serve as food for the larvae. The caterpillars are hairy and can be a nuisance in large numbers due to their feeding habits. The Large Tolype Moth is nocturnal and is often attracted to lights.
American Lappet Moth (Phyllodesma americana)
The American Lappet Moth, also in the Lasiocampidae family, is characterized by its unique leaf-like wing patterns. The wingspan ranges from 1 to 2 inches. The coloration of the wings is typically a blend of browns and grays, helping it to camouflage against tree bark.
This moth is found in forests and wooded areas across North America. The caterpillars have a distinctive appearance with fringed projections on their sides, resembling lappets. They feed on a variety of deciduous trees and shrubs.
Belonging to the Acrolophidae family, the Eastern Grass Tubeworm Moth is a small species with a wingspan of about 0.75 to 1 inch. The moths are usually brown or gray with a distinctive tuft of hair on their head.
They are commonly found in grassy areas, meadows, and fields. The larvae create protective cases or tubes out of silk and grass, which they carry around for protection. This behavior gives the species its common name.
The Frilly Grass Tubeworm Moth, another member of the Acrolophidae family, is similar in size and habitat to the Eastern Grass Tubeworm Moth. It has a wingspan of approximately 0.75 to 1 inch. The moths are typically brown or tan with a fringed appearance.
They are found in grasslands and meadows, where the larvae feed on grasses and construct silk tubes mixed with grass blades for shelter.
Bombycidae
Spotted Apatelodes (Apatelodes torrefacta)
The Spotted Apatelodes, part of the Bombycidae family, is known for its striking appearance. It has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The moths are creamy white or light tan with small black spots scattered across their wings.
They are found in deciduous forests and woodlands. The larvae are also visually distinctive, being bright green with red and white stripes, feeding on a variety of trees and shrubs.
Thaumetopoeidae
Pine Processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)
The Pine Processionary, belonging to the Thaumetopoeidae family, is notable for its unique larval behavior. The adult moths have a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches and are generally gray or brown.
They are found in regions with pine trees, as the larvae feed exclusively on pine needles. The caterpillars are known for moving in nose-to-tail processions, hence the name.
These caterpillars can be a pest in pine forests and are also known for their irritating hairs, which can cause allergic reactions.
The White-dotted Prominent, a member of the Notodontidae family, has a wingspan of about 1.5 to 2 inches. The moths are typically gray or brown with a distinctive white dot on each forewing.
They are found in deciduous forests and woodlands, where the larvae feed on the leaves of various trees, including oaks and maples. The caterpillars are known for their unique posture, raising their rear end when disturbed.
This moth is primarily nocturnal and is often attracted to light sources.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the diversity and complexity of hairy and fuzzy moths in our gardens and natural environments are truly remarkable.
From the striking patterns of the Giant Leopard Moth to the unique behaviors of the Pine Processionary, each species plays a vital role in their respective ecosystems.
While some, like the Gypsy Moth, are known for their destructive larvae, others, such as the Milkweed Tussock Moth, contribute to the balance of their habitats by feeding on specific plants.
Understanding these moths’ life cycles, behaviors, and habitats not only enhances our appreciation of nature’s intricacies but also underscores the importance of conserving diverse ecosystems where these fascinating creatures thrive.
Reader Emails
Over the years, our website, whatsthatbug.com has received hundreds of letters and some interesting images asking us about hairy moths. Scroll down to have a look at some of them.
Letter 1 – Euonymus Leaf Notcher Moth
Subject: Please Help
Location: Maryland – USA
November 10, 2012 3:05 am
Hello,
I was doing yard work yesterday when I noticed this bug after pulling up a plant that had died from a recent frost we had. It was moving slowly but I have never seen one of those before and am curious to know what it is and if it would be harmful in any way. I live in Maryland and we’re just now getting the cooler temps of a fall season. Any information is appreciated. Thanks!
Signature: flurrygurl
In this article, we look at several black beetles that have distinctive markings.
Beetles are a diverse group of insects, with many species varying in size, shape, and color.
The black beetles we discuss here are known for their unique patterns and the specific roles they play in nature, such as pollinators, predators of pests, or recyclers of nutrients.
We will look at their classification, appearance, life stages, what they eat, and how they behave.
Some of these beetles are helpful to humans by controlling pest populations, while others can be harmful to crops and materials.
By learning about these beetles, we can understand their importance in the ecosystem and how to manage their impact on our environment.
19 Black Beetles with Markings You May Find in Your Garden!
Longhorned Borer (Xestoleptura crassicornis)
Classification:
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Cerambycidae
Genus: Xestoleptura
Species: X. crassicornis
The Longhorned Borer, Xestoleptura crassicornis, is a species of flower longhorn beetle that belongs to the Cerambycidae family.
It is native to North America and is part of a group known for their long antennae, which often exceed the length of their bodies.
Physical Appearance:
The Xestoleptura crassicornis has an elongated body with black color and brown markings. Its most distinguishing feature is its long antennae.
Lifecycle:
The lifecycle of longhorn beetles generally includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
The larvae are wood-borers, which means they spend a significant part of their life inside the wood of trees, where they feed and grow until they pupate and emerge as adults.
Diet:
As a member of the flower longhorn beetle group, Xestoleptura crassicornis adults feed on pollen and nectar from flowers.
The larvae, on the other hand, would feed on the wood of trees.
Behavior:
Flower longhorn beetles are typically found on or near flowers during the adult stage of their life.
They are known to be important pollinators due to their diet of nectar and pollen.
Pest Status and Control:
Longhorn beetles can cause damage to trees, especially during the larval stage.
Control methods for wood-boring beetles in general may include monitoring and removing infested wood to prevent the spread of the beetles to healthy trees.
Southwestern Eyed Click Beetle (Alaus lusciosus)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Elateridae
Physical Appearance:
The Southwestern Eyed Click Beetle is known for its distinctive “eyespots” on its pronotum, which are large, black, and ringed with white.
These are not true eyes but are believed to be used to scare off predators. The beetle itself is elongated, has a robust body, and is generally black in color.
Lifecycle:
Like other click beetles, the Southwestern Eyed Click Beetle undergoes complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
The larvae, known as wireworms, live in the soil and feed on other insects. Adults are known for their clicking mechanism, that helps them flip into the air to escape predators.
Eyed Elater
Diet:
The larvae are predatory and will feed on other soil-dwelling insects.
Adult beetles are generally saprophagous, feeding on decaying plant matter, but they can also consume nectar and pollen.
Behavior:
This beetle is famous for its defense mechanism of creating a clicking sound to startle predators.
When threatened, it can snap a spine on its prosternum into a corresponding notch on its mesosternum, producing a violent jerk that flips the beetle into the air and often right onto its feet.
Pest Status and Control:
The Southwestern Eyed Click Beetle is not typically considered a pest and does not require control measures.
Black and Red Blister Beetle (Megetra cancellata)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Meloidae
Physical Appearance:
The Black and Red Blister Beetle has a striking appearance with its bright red head and pronotum, and contrasting black elytra with fine ridges.
They are medium-sized beetles with soft bodies.
Lifecycle:
Blister beetles exhibit complete metamorphosis. The larvae are parasitic, initially feeding on grasshopper eggs and then moving on to bees’ nests.
Adults are typically seen in the spring and summer.
Adults feed on foliage and are often found on flowers, where they consume petals, pollen, and nectar.
Behavior:
Blister beetles are so named because they secrete a substance called cantharidin, which can cause blistering on human skin.
They are relatively slow-moving and are often found in mating pairs.
Pest Status and Control:
Blister beetles can be pests in gardens and fields, particularly because they feed on a wide range of plants and can occur in large numbers.
Control methods include manual removal and the use of protective netting to prevent them from reaching plants.
Chemical control is rarely recommended due to their beneficial role in controlling grasshopper populations.
Pigweed Flea Beetle (Disonycha glabrata)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Chrysomelidae
Physical Appearance:
Pigweed Flea Beetles are small, shiny, and black with a bluish or greenish sheen. They have large hind legs adapted for jumping, similar to fleas.
Lifecycle:
They have a complete lifecycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. The larvae feed on the roots and leaves of host plants, while adults can be found on the foliage.
The spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata) is yellow-green with twelve black spots on its wing covers, while the striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum) is yellow with three black stripes down its back.
Lifecycle:
They have a complete lifecycle with distinct egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. The larvae are worm-like and live in the soil, feeding on roots and underground stems.
Both larvae and adults feed on cucurbit plants, such as cucumber, squash, pumpkin, and melons. Adults can also feed on the leaves and flowers of these plants.
Behavior:
Cucumber beetles are known for their rapid flight and are most active on warm, sunny days.
They can cause significant damage to young plants and are also vectors for bacterial wilt and squash mosaic virus.
Pest Status and Control:
Cucumber beetles are significant pests in gardens and farms.
Control methods include using row covers to protect young plants, planting resistant varieties, using traps, and applying insecticides when necessary.
Crop rotation and timely planting can also help reduce beetle populations.
Larder Beetle (Dermestes lardarius)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Dermestidae
Physical Appearance:
Larder beetles are oval and approximately 7-9 mm in length.
They are dark brown to black with a distinctive cream-colored, banded area across the elytra with six dark spots within the band.
Lifecycle:
Larder beetles undergo complete metamorphosis. The larvae are hairy and elongated, with two spines on the tail end.
They can be found in areas where there is a high protein food source.
Larder Beetle
Diet:
They feed on dry animal products such as ham, cheese, and dry pet food, as well as dead insects and animals.
Behavior:
Larder beetles are typically found in food storage areas, museums, and places where animal products or specimens are kept.
They can cause damage to household items and specimens.
Pest Status and Control:
As pests, larder beetles can damage food and other materials.
Control involves cleaning and removing the infested material, proper storage of food products, and, if necessary, the use of insecticides.
Eastern Eyed Click Beetle (Alaus oculatus)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Elateridae
Physical Appearance:
The Eastern Eyed Click Beetle is notable for its large, false eye spots on the pronotum, which are ringed with white and are used to startle predators.
The body is black and elongated, with a somewhat flattened appearance.
Lifecycle:
This beetle also undergoes complete metamorphosis. The larvae, known as wireworms, are predatory and live in the soil.
The adults are known for their clicking mechanism, which they use to right themselves if turned over.
The larvae feed on other insects, while the adults are believed to feed on nectar and plant juices.
Behavior:
The Eastern Eyed Click Beetle is known for its ability to leap into the air with a loud click when it needs to escape from danger.
This behavior is a defense mechanism against predators.
Pest Status and Control:
The Eastern Eyed Click Beetle is not considered a pest and does not typically require control. They are often welcomed in gardens as the larvae help control pest populations.
Black Caterpillar Hunter Beetle (Calosoma sayi)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Carabidae
Physical Appearance:
The Black Caterpillar Hunter, as its name suggests, is predominantly black with a metallic sheen.
It has a robust, elongated body and is a part of the ground beetle family. Its strong mandibles are well-adapted for hunting.
Lifecycle:
This beetle undergoes complete metamorphosis with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. The larvae are also predators and are known for their voracious appetite for caterpillars.
Caterpillar Hunter
Diet:
True to its name, the Black Caterpillar Hunter preys on caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects, both in its larval and adult stages.
Behavior:
These beetles are nocturnal and are often found on the ground under leaf litter or within the foliage where caterpillars are present. They are fast and agile hunters.
Pest Status and Control:
The Black Caterpillar Hunter is beneficial in controlling pest caterpillar populations and is considered an ally in gardens and agricultural fields.
No control measures are needed for these beetles.
Punctured Tiger Beetle (Cicindela punctulata)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Carabidae
Subfamily: Cicindelinae
Physical Appearance:
The Punctured Tiger Beetle is a small to medium-sized beetle with a slender, elongated body.
It is typically dull brown to olive green with small, round pits or punctures on its elytra, giving it its name.
Lifecycle:
Tiger beetles are known for their complete metamorphosis. The larvae live in vertical burrows and ambush passing prey.
Both larvae and adults are predators, feeding on a variety of insects. Adults are fast runners and can also fly, catching prey on the ground or in vegetation.
Behavior:
Punctured Tiger Beetles are active predators known for their speed and agility. They are often found in sandy areas, along paths, or in open fields where they hunt for prey.
Pest Status and Control:
Tiger beetles, including the Punctured Tiger Beetle, are beneficial predators and are not considered pests.
They help control insect populations and do not require pest control measures.
Twice-Stabbed Ladybug (Chilocorus stigma)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Coccinellidae
Physical Appearance:
The Twice-Stabbed Ladybug is small and dome-shaped with a shiny black body and two prominent red spots on its wing covers, which resemble stab wounds, hence the name.
Lifecycle:
This ladybug undergoes complete metamorphosis. The larvae are alligator-like and feed voraciously on their prey, particularly scale insects.
Diet:
They are predators, primarily feeding on scale insects and aphids, both in their larval and adult stages.
Behavior:
Twice-Stabbed Ladybugs are often found in trees, shrubs, and other plants where their prey is abundant. They are beneficial insects, helping to control populations of plant pests.
Pest Status and Control:
As beneficial predators, Twice-Stabbed Ladybugs are important in natural pest control and are often introduced as a biological control agent.
They do not require control themselves.
Common Eastern Firefly (Photinus pyralis)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Lampyridae
Physical Appearance:
The Common Eastern Firefly is known for its light-producing abdomen, which is used for communication during mating.
They have soft bodies and are typically brown with yellow and black coloring.
Lifecycle:
Fireflies have a complete lifecycle. The larvae are known as glowworms and are found in the ground or in rotting wood, where they prey on other invertebrates.
Diet:
Larvae are predatory, while adults may not feed at all. If they do, they consume nectar and pollen.
Behavior:
These fireflies are best known for their bioluminescent evening displays in the summer. The flashing patterns are unique to each species and are used to attract mates.
Pest Status and Control:
Fireflies are not considered pests and are actually beneficial for the environment.
They do not damage crops or gardens and are enjoyed for their light displays. No control measures are necessary.
Oriental Beetle (Exomala orientalis)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae
Physical Appearance:
The Oriental Beetle is a member of the scarab family, with an oval-shaped body that ranges in color from mottled gray to brown and can have various patterns.
They are relatively small, typically measuring between 7 to 11 mm in length.
Lifecycle:
The Oriental Beetle has a complete life cycle, including egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. The larvae, known as grubs, live in the soil and feed on the roots of grasses and other plants.
Oriental Beetle
Diet:
Larvae feed on the roots of turfgrass and ornamental plants, while adults feed on the foliage and flowers of various plants, including roses and other ornamentals.
Behavior:
Adult Oriental Beetles are active at dusk and are attracted to lights. They are often found in lawns, gardens, and agricultural areas.
Pest Status and Control:
Oriental Beetles are considered pests, especially in their larval stage, because they can cause significant damage to turfgrass and ornamental plants.
Control methods include the use of parasitic nematodes, milky spore disease, and chemical insecticides to target the grubs in the soil.
The larvae feed on the wood of various coniferous trees, while adults feed on the bark and foliage.
Behavior:
White-spotted Sawyer Beetles are often found in forests, particularly in recently dead or dying trees.
They are known for their “sawing” sound as the larvae bore through wood.
Pest Status and Control:
They can be considered pests in lumber production and forestry due to the damage they cause to trees.
Control is difficult once the larvae are inside the tree, but removing and destroying infested wood can help prevent the spread.
Bronzed Tiger Beetle (Cicindela repanda)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Carabidae
Subfamily: Cicindelinae
Physical Appearance:
The Bronzed Tiger Beetle is a small, agile beetle with a characteristic metallic bronze or greenish sheen on its elytra.
They have long legs and large mandibles, typical of tiger beetles.
Lifecycle:
Like other tiger beetles, the Bronzed Tiger Beetle undergoes complete metamorphosis. The larvae live in small burrows in the ground where they wait to ambush prey.
Both larvae and adults are predatory, feeding on a variety of insects. They are fast runners and are capable of flying, catching prey on the ground or in vegetation.
Behavior:
Bronzed Tiger Beetles are active predators and are commonly found along sandy riverbanks, lakeshores, and other open, sandy areas where they hunt for prey.
Pest Status and Control:
Tiger beetles, including the Bronzed Tiger Beetle, are beneficial predators and are not considered pests.
They help control insect populations and do not require pest control measures.
Diabolical Ironclad Beetle (Phloeodes diabolicus)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Zopheridae
Physical Appearance:
The Diabolical Ironclad Beetle has a distinctive robust exoskeleton that is incredibly tough and resistant to pressure and damage.
It has a dull black or dark brown coloration and an oval, flattened body shape.
Lifecycle:
This beetle has a complete life cycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. The larvae develop within decaying wood, and the life cycle can take several years to complete.
Diabolical Ironclad Beetle
Diet:
Both larvae and adults feed on fungi growing on dead or decaying wood, and they play a role in the decomposition process.
Behavior:
The Diabolical Ironclad Beetle is known for its ability to withstand extreme force without injury, a trait that has attracted scientific interest for applications in materials science.
They are not fast movers and rely on their tough exoskeleton for protection rather than flight or speed.
Pest Status and Control:
This beetle is not considered a pest and does not require control measures. It is often left alone due to its non-destructive behavior and the difficulty of physically damaging it.
Sculptured Pine Borer (Chalcophora virginiensis)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Buprestidae
Physical Appearance:
The Sculptured Pine Borer is a large, metallic wood-boring beetle. It has a sculptured appearance with grooves and pits on its hard elytra, which are typically a coppery or bronzy color.
Lifecycle:
The life cycle includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. The larvae bore into pine trees, where they can live for several years before emerging as adults.
Northeastern Sculptured Pine Borer
Diet:
Larvae feed on the wood of pine trees, while adults are believed to feed on plant fluids and sometimes foliage.
Behavior:
These beetles are strong fliers and are attracted to stressed or dying pine trees where they lay their eggs.
The larvae create tunnels in the wood, which can weaken the structural integrity of the tree.
Pest Status and Control:
Sculptured Pine Borers can be considered pests in forestry and to homeowners with pine trees.
Control methods include maintaining tree health to resist infestation and removing infested trees to prevent the spread.
Tomentose Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus tomentosus)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Silphidae
Physical Appearance:
The Tomentose Burying Beetle is easily recognizable by its black body with bright orange-red markings.
It has a distinctive, dense, hair-like covering on its pronotum, which gives it a “tomentose” or fuzzy appearance.
Lifecycle:
This beetle is known for its unusual reproductive behavior, which includes burying small carcasses to provide a food source for their larvae.
They have a complete life cycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages.
Tomentose Burying Beetle
Diet:
Adults are carrion feeders, and they prepare and preserve a carcass to feed their offspring. The larvae feed on the carcass provided by the adults.
Behavior:
Tomentose Burying Beetles are nocturnal and have a well-developed sense of smell to locate carcasses, which they then bury and use as a food source for their larvae.
Pest Status and Control:
These beetles are not considered pests and are actually beneficial as they help recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. No control measures are necessary.
The Oblique-Lined Tiger Beetle is a slender, fast-moving beetle with a dark, metallic green or brown body and distinctive white or yellowish oblique lines on the elytra.
Lifecycle:
This species undergoes complete metamorphosis. The larvae live in burrows and ambush prey that passes by.
Both larvae and adults are predatory, feeding on a variety of insects. They are known for their speed and agility, which they use to capture prey.
Behavior:
They are typically found in open, sandy areas where they hunt for prey. They are strong fliers and can quickly escape predators or pursue prey.
Pest Status and Control:
Oblique-Lined Tiger Beetles are beneficial predators and are not considered pests. They help control populations of other insects and do not require pest control measures.
Texas Flower Scarab (Trichiotinus texanus)
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae
Physical Appearance:
The Texas Flower Scarab is a brightly colored beetle, often with a hairy appearance. It is typically yellow to brown with varied patterns and is part of the scarab family.
Lifecycle:
The Texas Flower Scarab has a complete life cycle, with larval stages that develop in the soil, feeding on decomposing organic matter.
Diet:
Adults are commonly found on flowers where they feed on pollen and nectar.
Behavior:
These beetles are good fliers and are often seen visiting flowers during the day, playing a role in pollination.
Pest Status and Control:
The Texas Flower Scarab is not considered a pest and is beneficial for its role in pollination. No control measures are necessary for these beetles.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the black beetles with markings that we have discussed illustrate the incredible variety and complexity of these insects.
Each species, from the Diabolical Ironclad Beetle to the Texas Flower Scarab, plays a specific role in its habitat.
While some may be pests, others are crucial for controlling pest populations or for pollination.
Understanding these beetles helps us recognize the importance of every creature in the ecosystem and the need to maintain a balanced environment.
Whether managing them as pests or protecting them for their beneficial roles, it’s clear that these marked beetles are integral to the health of their ecosystems.
Reader Emails
Over the years, our website, whatsthatbug.com has received hundreds of letters and some interesting images asking us about these insects. Scroll down to have a look at some of them.
Letter 1 – Longhorned Borer: Xestoleptura crassicornis
some kind of beetle?
Dear Bugman,
I found this bug crawling in the hallway of our home in San Francisco, CA. Sorry about the blurry photos — it was a fast mover and I’m not good with the digital camera. It had wings, but didn’t use them much. I’ve never seen this bug inside or outside, so it piqued my curiosity. Thanks!
Julie
Hi Julie,
We can’t seem to find an exact identification for your Long Horned Borer Beetle, Family Cerambycidae, in our old Dillon and Dillon Beetle Book, but fear not as we have several beetle experts who will probably be notifying us shortly.
Ed. Note: We just received this information.
(08/09/2005) identifications
Hello – I was recently shown your site, and it is excellent. My specialization is longhorned beetles, and in cruising around I notice a number of incomplete or uncertain IDs for this family. I don’t know if you are interested in receiving this sort of input, but if you are, I offer the following additions to your identifications.
This is Xestoleptura crassicornis, an uncommonly collected species which typically breeds in older, dried pine logs, and is found throughout most of the forested portions of the north and central coast, and inland in southern CA.Keep up the good work. You are a valuable resource.
Cheers
Frank Hovore
Letter 2 – Monochamus Borer Beetle probably M. scutellatus
Large black insect in northern Quebec
Recently while on vacation in Quebec (Saguenay Fjord area), I saw this rather large insect on some wildflowers on the side of the road. Taking its long antennae into account, it was at least 3 inches or more in length. Any idea what it could be?
Josh
Hi Josh,
You have sent in a photo of one of the Long Horned Borer Beetles from the genus Monochamus. The larvae make a buzzing sound when they feed, hence they are called Sawyer Beetles. Most species of this genus attack felled or dead pines. We are checking with an expert to get an exact species name. Our beetle expert Dan wrote back: “if this dude is indeed black as it looks in the pic, then it is probably Monochamus scutellatus.
dan”
Letter 3 – Wood Boring Beetle
what this bug
Attached please find a photo of a flying insect i found enjoying the spring sunshine around my woodpile. the wings are hard to see but they can fly. they crawl very fast.
can you tell what they are?
thank you
jason sagerman
Hi Jason,
This is one of the Long Horned Borer Beetles from the Family Cerambycidae. Larva bore in wood. Perhaps your specimen just emerged after spring metamorphosis aftel living several years in the wood. We wanted to try to be more specific, so we wrote to Eric Eaton who kindly replied: “The borer is a species of Neoclytus in the Cerambycidae. Not knowing anything more, I wouldn’t venture a species guess. They are wasp mimics of course, with those markings and overall leggy appearance, short antennae. Thanks for sharing. It is like Christmas every time I open one of your e-mails.”
Subject: Please Help 
some kind of beetle?
Large black insect in northern Quebec
what this bug